Cable car crossing the Yangtze River in Chongqing
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Chongqing, the world’s biggest city?

Everyone tells you Chongqing is the largest city on earth. Thirty-two million people, they say. The number is real, and it is still the wrong number.
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Last time I was in Chongqing it was by accident. The year was 1985. I was in Kunming and I was going to Chengdu, but when I got to the train station for the afternoon train I was informed that it had left that morning. Trains were not very efficient back then. I changed my plans and took the next available train which was to Chongqing. This turned out to be a stroke of luck, because from Chongqing you could ride down the Yangtze river and the Three Gorges. This was before the giant dam was built, so I got the full experience.

Today I came in from Chengdu on the high speed train, two hours and three minutes of tunnels and river valleys, and got off at Chongqing North into a station built to the scale of an airport. I hailed a DiDi and somewhere on that ride I remembered the thing everyone tells you about this place, which is that it is the largest city in the world.

Thirty-two million people. More than Beijing. More than Shanghai. More than Tokyo, which is the one that normally holds the title.

The number is real. It is also the wrong number, and what it is actually counting turns out to be more interesting than the claim it gets used for.

The world’s biggest city

Chongqing has thirty-two million residents and is not the world’s biggest city. Both halves of that are true at the same time.

The figure is 32,054,159, from the 2020 census, and it belongs to Chongqing Municipality rather than to Chongqing. China has four direct-administered municipalities, which report to the central government instead of to a province: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and this one. Chongqing became the fourth on 14 March 1997, cut out of eastern Sichuan.

What got cut out was 82,403 square kilometers, a shade smaller than Austria and larger than either Ireland or Scotland. Inside it are 25 districts, 8 counties and 4 autonomous counties, and most of that is mountain, farmland, small towns and a long stretch of the Yangtze gorges. From the skyscrapers on the peninsula to the eastern edge of the municipality is several hours by road.

The reasons for drawing the line there were administrative. Part of it was the Western Development push, the standing policy of getting money and authority into the poorer inland provinces. Part of it was the Three Gorges Dam, whose reservoir drowned a long tail of towns upriver and displaced well over a million people, a resettlement that was easier to run from one municipal government than from a provincial committee several hundred kilometers away.

So the thirty-two million are the population of an area the size of a small country, and calling that a city is the same move as calling Scotland a city because five million people live in it.

The actual city, the continuous built-up thing you stand in, is the nine central districts stacked on the peninsula and the hills on both sides of it. That is around ten million people. Stretch the boundary out to everything that has grown together with it and you reach sixteen or seventeen million, depending on who is doing the counting. Tokyo’s urban agglomeration is around thirty-seven million and has been the largest for decades.

Which leaves Chongqing as one of the largest cities on earth, comfortably, on any honest measure. It just does not need the title it keeps being given. A place that has to build its metro through an apartment block is not short of things to say for itself.

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A city that goes up

Chongqing is not really a tourist destination, but it is a fascinating place to spend a couple of days in anyway.

The peninsula sits in the fork where the Jialing comes down from the north and meets the Yangtze, and the city has run out of flat ground in every direction. So it goes up. Towers climb the hills on both banks, stacked so close that from the water they read as one cliff with windows. The monorail runs straight through an apartment block, which is the fact everybody quotes about this place, and it turns out to be less of a stunt than it sounds: the building was there, the line had to pass, and the practical answer was to put the station on floors six to eight.

Finding my hotel was not easy. Not because I was in the wrong place, but because it was basically inside a church, or almost. My taxi dropped me off at the right address, but there was no sign, only a church and a bunch of buildings around it. I circled it, didn’t find my hotel. Finally I realized that you have to go in through the church door, and there, inside, was the reception. The adventures of traveling.

The wartime capital

For eight years Chongqing was the capital of China, and the hills that make it so hard to find your way around are what kept it alive.

When Japan invaded in 1937 and took Nanjing, the Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek retreated more than a thousand kilometers up the Yangtze and made Chongqing its capital. Ministries, universities and whole factories followed, shipped upriver through the Three Gorges, and the city filled with refugees from the east. It stayed the capital until the government returned to Nanjing in 1946.

Japan could not reach Chongqing by land, so it came by air. Between 1938 and 1944 Japanese planes raided the city 268 times, one of the longest bombing campaigns against any city in history. The first large raids, on May 3 and 4, 1939, killed several thousand people in the old town on the peninsula.

The city survived by going into the rock it stands on. Air-raid tunnels were dug all over the hills, and factories, offices and even a radio station moved underground. The worst single day of the war happened in one of those tunnels. On June 5, 1941, during a raid that lasted about three hours, some 4,000 people sheltering in a tunnel suffocated.

The weather helped too. Chongqing is one of the foggiest cities in China, and through the winter the fog was thick enough to keep the bombers away, so the raids came in the clear summer months. Many of the old tunnels are still there, and some have been turned into restaurants.

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Ciqikou, and the panda problem

I took the subway out to Ciqikou on the second morning, an old town on the Jialing about half an hour west, and had my first go at dumplings for breakfast. I ordered the mushroom ones, which is to say I pointed at a picture and hoped. They were good.

The lanes are restored Ming and Qing, stone underfoot, and busy from early in the morning. What struck me was not the architecture but the merchandise. The panda infection has spread from Chengdu to Chongqing. Same soft toys, same coffee cups, same ice cream molded into the same face, eight hundred kilometers east of the breeding base and in a city that has nothing to do with them. Chengdu sells the panda because the panda lives there. Chongqing sells it because it sells. Ciqikou is still worthwhile visiting, as long as you ignore the souvenir stands.

Across the Yangtze

In the late afternoon I took the cable car across the Yangtze, from the Yuzhong side over to Nan’an. It is a working piece of transport that has become a ride, and the queue is the price you pay. Halfway across, the peninsula stands up behind you all at once, and you finally see the shape of the city you have been walking around inside.

On the far bank there is an old neighborhood, restored and pleasant, and I spent an hour there. I also went down to Chaotianmen, where the two rivers meet and the water changes color along a line you can actually see, the Jialing coming in greener than the Yangtze.

Mostly, though, I walked. Two days of no particular plan, a lot of window shopping, and an evening at Guanyinqiao in an electronics center the size of a department store, where I bought an Osmo 4P camera I did not strictly need. Another small step toward becoming a vlogger?

The river I left on

On the Sunday afternoon I ended up on the bank of the Jialing, and worked out that it had been forty years since I was last here. I said fifty first, then corrected myself, which tells you something about how time flies.

In 1985 this was where the boats left from. You bought a ticket at Chaotianmen and went down the Yangtze through the Three Gorges, three days of it, past towns stacked on the slopes and gorge walls that closed in until the sky was a strip. That trip still exists on paper. It is not the same trip.

The dam finished in 2012 and the reservoir behind it rose about 175 meters, drowning the lower gorges and thirteen cities, a hundred and forty towns, more than a thousand villages. Something like 1.3 million people were moved. The water is wider now and the walls are shorter, because a good part of what made them walls is under the surface. What I rode through is still there, just further down than it used to be.


I came back to Chongqing forty years late and by a different accident, which is that the plan said Dazu rock carvings, but I skipped them and I stayed in the city instead. After all I saw a giant stone Buddha just the other day.

Chongqing, the practical stuff

  • How long is the train from Chengdu to Chongqing? — 2 hours 3 minutes by high-speed train from Chengdu East to Chongqing North. Book on 12306 or Trip.com; the passport is the ticket.
  • Why is Chongqing North station confusing? — It is built to airport scale and split into two station areas. Allow extra time and check which one your train uses.
  • How do you get from Chongqing North station to the center? — Metro Line 10 runs direct, or take a DiDi, which was straightforward.
  • Why are addresses hard to find in Chongqing? — The city stacks streets on top of each other, so a hotel entrance can sit at a tunnel mouth or several floors from the road your map shows. Ask for a landmark, not a street number.
  • Where is the Yangtze River cable car in Chongqing? — It crosses from Yuzhong to Nan’an in a few minutes. Go in the late afternoon for the light.
  • What is Ciqikou? — An old town on the Jialing River, free to walk, about half an hour west of the center. Go early, because it fills up.
  • Where do the Jialing and Yangtze rivers meet? — At Chaotianmen, where the greener Jialing meets the browner Yangtze. It is free, and the color line is clearest in daylight.
  • Where can you buy electronics in Chongqing? — In Guanyinqiao, the shopping and electronics district.

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